http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/keyword/middle-east-history Inquiries Journal provides undergraduate and graduate students around the world a platform for the wide dissemination of academic work over a range of core disciplines. en-us Sun, 19 Apr 2026 05:23:39 -0400 Sun, 19 Apr 2026 05:23:39 -0400 http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/694/the-islamic-middle-ages-a-fractured-polity-and-the-flourishing-of-a-cultural-and-scientific-renaissance By Anam Qudrat - Ibn Khaldun highlighted that societies in their natural state exist in the rural countryside, where the struggle of daily life binds kinsmen together (Abdullah, 2012a). Defining this strong familial bond as “asabiyya,” he stated that eventually this bond of zealous loyalty to one’s brethren becomes the driving force behind conquest (Abdullah, 2012a). However, after conquest, as time passes and individuals delve in their material gains and elitist dispositions, the once impeachable bond of asabiyya begins to disintegrate. At this stage, fragmentation of the state is inevitable... Wed, 12 Sep 2012 10:23 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/694/the-islamic-middle-ages-a-fractured-polity-and-the-flourishing-of-a-cultural-and-scientific-renaissance http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/252/a-response-to-tanzimat-sultan-abdul-hamid-ii-and-pan-islamism By Alyson M. Chouinard - Under the rule of the Sultan Abdul Hamid II in the late nineteenth century the concept of Pan-Islamism, the concept that all Islamic peoples should unite under the Caliphate, was used as a means of supporting the declining power of the Ottoman ruler. This was done for three distinct reasons that will be argued in this article. The first reason was to counteract the growing power of European powers in the area; the second to undo the secularization that occurred during the Tanzimat period; and the last reason was to give the Sultan political power both in the international arena and domestically... Fri, 14 May 2010 08:05 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/252/a-response-to-tanzimat-sultan-abdul-hamid-ii-and-pan-islamism