http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/keyword/ira Inquiries Journal provides undergraduate and graduate students around the world a platform for the wide dissemination of academic work over a range of core disciplines. en-us Mon, 27 Apr 2026 17:02:42 -0400 Mon, 27 Apr 2026 17:02:42 -0400 http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1769/united-states-patents-biopiracy-and-cultural-imperialism-the-theft-of-indias-traditional-knowledge By Daanyaal R. Kumar - This article aims to present the biopiracy of traditional knowledge from India by the United States, which has occurred directly through the use of patent law and indirectly through economic power and cultural imperialism. Throughout this essay, I will analyze U.S. patent law, patent law cases where Indian traditional knowledge is being stolen, and the influence of U.S. Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America in India. Through lenses of economic power and cultural imperialism, I will examine how economic power and U.S notions of cultural imperialism have given the United States the... Thu, 03 Oct 2019 08:21 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1769/united-states-patents-biopiracy-and-cultural-imperialism-the-theft-of-indias-traditional-knowledge http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1762/the-military-masculine-storytelling-and-role-playing-in-phil-klays-stories-of-war By William R. Fuller - This paper explores the conflict between hegemonic and new masculinity in Phil Klay’s Redeployment, illustrating the changing conception of gender roles and masculinity in storytelling about war. This paper juxtaposes traditional conceptions of masculinity by examining failures in role-playing in Klay’s short stories. Conflicts arise out of social expectations of the “hero,” the relationship between masculinity and femininity, and trauma caused by war. An additional important relationship is that of the storyteller and his tale. Importantly, some of Klay’s characters... Wed, 03 Apr 2019 07:55 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1762/the-military-masculine-storytelling-and-role-playing-in-phil-klays-stories-of-war http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1494/a-colonial-catalyst-reverberations-of-the-sykes-picot-agreement-in-the-rise-of-isis By Sumaia N. Masoom - The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (more commonly known as “ISIS,” but also referred to as the “Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant” or simply “the Islamic State”) has been on a reign of terror in the Middle East for the past three years, and emerged seemingly out of nowhere. However, though its rise appeasr to be quite rapid and is often blamed on Islam or the Middle East itself, in reality, ISIS has its roots much deeper in history, as far back as the beginnings of Western colonialism and the fall of the Ottoman Empire, and the subsequent western affinity... Fri, 11 Nov 2016 11:45 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1494/a-colonial-catalyst-reverberations-of-the-sykes-picot-agreement-in-the-rise-of-isis http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1456/awareness-of-emirati-womens-economic-roles-before-the-oil-boom-changing-perceptions-of-gender-roles By Rana AlMutawa - In the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states in general, women played an important economic role in the pre-oil era (before the 1960s) in addition to their “traditional” domestic role. Fatima Al-Sayegh states that women’s economic roles in the UAE were particularly significant between 1900 and 1930 (Al-Sayegh 2001). Today, however, the dominant perception of Arab Gulf women before the oil is relegated to the domestic sphere. The common belief is that it is only recently that Gulf women started playing economic and leadership roles. This perception... Sun, 09 Oct 2016 08:42 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1456/awareness-of-emirati-womens-economic-roles-before-the-oil-boom-changing-perceptions-of-gender-roles http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1441/should-governments-negotiate-with-terrorists By Bohdana Kurylo - In 1993, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin dismissed the possibility of negotiating with leaders of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), claiming that there is no sense in talking to a terrorist organization. Meanwhile, as it later became known, secret negotiations to set conditions for the Oslo Accords agreement with the PLO leaders were, indeed, being conducted.1 A similar case was the maintenance of a secret back-channel between the British government and the Irish Republican Army (IRA) in 1972 and 1990.2 These historical records exhibit that governments broke the taboo of talking... Wed, 24 Aug 2016 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1441/should-governments-negotiate-with-terrorists http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1473/an-analysis-of-legos-response-to-an-attack-on-its-partnership-with-royal-dutch-shell By MaryClaire Schulz - However, LEGO's 50-year partnership with oil and gas corporation Royal Dutch Shell caught the attention of Greenpeace in July 2014, which launched a campaign attacking the toy company for supporting a corporation threatening the Arctic environment. Greenpeace's attack on the partnership peaked with its release of a YouTube video titled "LEGO: Everything is NOT awesome," a work by BAFTA-winning creative agency Don't Panic. The video depicted an Arctic landscape that was made of LEGO bricks and taken over by Shell oil drillers, showcasing the environment as it is slowly submerged in oil. Greenpeace... Tue, 31 May 2016 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1473/an-analysis-of-legos-response-to-an-attack-on-its-partnership-with-royal-dutch-shell http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1415/consequences-of-iraqi-de-baathification By Cherish M. Zinn - Ambassador Paul Bremer of the Coalition Provisional Authority, America's interim government between Saddam's fall and the independent establishment of a new Iraqi government, issued two specific orders during his term which combined to create a power vacuum in the weakened nation. The first order, or the De-Baathification order, eliminated the top four tiers of Saddam's Baath party from current and future positions of civil service. The second disbanded the Iraqi military. Both orders worked to eliminate the institutional memory of all Iraqi institutions, requiring Bremer to establish the nation... Mon, 23 May 2016 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1415/consequences-of-iraqi-de-baathification http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1343/stuxnet-the-worlds-first-cyber-boomerang By Alex Middleton - In June 2012, two years after the initial discovery of the Stuxnet worm,1 an excerpt from David Sanger's then soon to be released book entitled Confront and Conceal was published in the New York Times.2 This piece, purportedly based on the testimony of several current and former American, European and Israeli officials, declared that Stuxnet – "the world's first fully fledged cyber weapon"3 was engineered by the United States and Israel as part of a wider covert operation aimed at undermining the Iranian nuclear program.4 Whilst the United States and Israel had long been suspected of developing... Sun, 31 Jan 2016 12:00 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1343/stuxnet-the-worlds-first-cyber-boomerang http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1339/competing-claims-in-the-south-china-sea-viewed-through-international-admiralty-law By Constantine J. Petallides - The Spratly Islands sit in the eastern waters of the South China Sea, west of the Philippines and northwest of Brunei Darussalam and Malaysia.[1] The island chain consists of “more than 140 islets, rocks, reefs, shoals, and sandbanks spread over an area of more than 410,000 square kilometers.”[2] Some of the islands are totally submerged, some appear and disappear with the tides, and some are always above the sea.[3] Less than forty of the Spratly Islands’ features are islands under Article 121(1) of UNCLOS, which defines an island as “a naturally formed area of land, surrounded... Wed, 27 Jan 2016 05:36 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1339/competing-claims-in-the-south-china-sea-viewed-through-international-admiralty-law http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1104/effects-of-the-spiral-of-silence-in-digital-media By Alexander E. Hopkins - Since its introduction by German-born Political Scientist Elizabeth Noelle-Neumann in 1974, the Spiral of Silence theory has become one of the most-researched communication theories that explains public opinion formation in a media environment (McDonald, Glynn, Kim, & Ostman, 2001, p. 139). The Spiral of Silence attempts to explain how media consumption, interaction among key groups, and opinion expression all interact to form opinions in society. Over time, a "spiraling" effect will occur, in which a dominant opinion becomes more visible over one or more minority opinions. When initially... Fri, 04 Sep 2015 08:02 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1104/effects-of-the-spiral-of-silence-in-digital-media http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1054/the-islamic-state-healthcare-paradox-a-caliphate-in-crisis By Archit Baskaran - The civil war in Syria has taken an enormous toll on civilian populations. One of the most commonly overlooked aspect of this crisis is the impact on healthcare in the region. Syria’s health capacity has been ravaged by years of government bombings and Islamic State expansion. As the Islamic State (IS) continues to consolidate territory, its actions become less and less clear. Islamic State militants have embarked on a brutal campaign against health providers and infrastructure, yet they attempt to promote health among other social services in order to gain support from local populations... Sun, 05 Jul 2015 05:14 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1054/the-islamic-state-healthcare-paradox-a-caliphate-in-crisis http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1088/using-flow-cytometry-and-quantitative-real-time-pcr-to-investigate-the-role-of-il-1-in-t-cell-proliferation-and-hiv-1-reactivation By So Hee Moon - With the advent of antiretroviral therapy, suppressing the HIV-1 virus and stopping the progression of the disease are now possible. Even with long-term antiretroviral therapy, HIV reservoirs remain in individuals. These individuals experience an increase in inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-1β that results in the proliferation of CD4 T-cells. In this study, we explored the relationship between inflammatory cytokine-induced proliferation and reactivation. To assess this relationship, we investigated the role of a specific inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β. It was concluded from our... Fri, 01 May 2015 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1088/using-flow-cytometry-and-quantitative-real-time-pcr-to-investigate-the-role-of-il-1-in-t-cell-proliferation-and-hiv-1-reactivation http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1070/the-bush-administration-and-torture-who-is-responsible-for-the-abuse-at-abu-ghraib By Erik Eriksen - Since first becoming public in March 2004,1 the case of the detainee abuse at the Abu Ghraib Prison2 has gained widespread interest and an important place in debates on the Iraq War. At the prison, systematic abuse of detainees, described as ‘sadistic, blatant, and wanton’, was perpetrated by military police guards.3 The guards beat prisoners; intimidated them with unmuzzled dogs; placed hooded detainees in a pyramid; carried out a range of incidents of abuse with sexual themes; and humiliated them in many other degrading ways.4 These actions are widely regarded as unlawful.5 While... Thu, 01 Jan 2015 07:58 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1070/the-bush-administration-and-torture-who-is-responsible-for-the-abuse-at-abu-ghraib http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1085/international-cooperation-in-combating-threats-to-maritime-security-global-maritime-security-and-international-law By Stephanie Fitzgerald - Regardless of this debate, there is certainly evidence of some kind of duty to cooper ate under international law. Two of the purposes of the United Nations (UN ) mentioned in The Charter are to maintain international peace and security through collective action, and to achieve international cooperation in solving problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character.6 A 1970 UN General Assembly resolution recommends the codification of the duty to cooperate in accordance with the Charter and goes on to specify that this includes cooperation in the maintenance of international peace... Wed, 01 Jan 2014 07:58 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1085/international-cooperation-in-combating-threats-to-maritime-security-global-maritime-security-and-international-law http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1487/power-religion-and-capital-punishment-a-comparative-analysis-between-abolitionist-turkey-and-retentionist-iran By Mariam Azhar - Turkey and Iran are both predominately Muslim-populated countries with a history of powerful political leaders who have shaped their societal values and perceptions towards capital punishment. Until the 1920s both countries employed a fairly punitive policy with regards to capital punishment. However, with the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, Ataturk Mustafa Kemal finally achieved Turkish independence, which started Turkey on the road towards Westernization and secularism. Similarly in 1926, Reza Khan deposed an age old monarchy in Iran and followed the Kemalist ideology to lay the foundations for... Fri, 15 Nov 2013 12:00 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1487/power-religion-and-capital-punishment-a-comparative-analysis-between-abolitionist-turkey-and-retentionist-iran http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/738/sleep-quality-among-university-students-evaluating-the-impact-of-smoking-social-media-use-and-energy-drink-consumption-on-sleep-quality-and-anxiety By Omar Afandi et Al. - Objectives: Identify the factors affecting quality of sleep, and assess the impact of low quality sleep on the daily activities of students. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was done, using self-administered questionnaires. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Data was collected, sleep quality was determined, and then data was analyzed using SPSS v.17 software. Results: This study included 290 university students of different majors aged 17-29 years. Analysis of sleep perception revealed that 67.2% of students suffered from poor... Fri, 07 Jun 2013 08:05 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/738/sleep-quality-among-university-students-evaluating-the-impact-of-smoking-social-media-use-and-energy-drink-consumption-on-sleep-quality-and-anxiety http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1208/lessons-on-government-from-one-non-state-entity-to-another-how-the-irish-republican-movement-informs-hezbollahs-attempt-at-the-clausewitzian-political-arm By Paul Baumgardner - The great nineteenth-century military theorist Carl von Clausewitz changed the art of war forever with his masterwork, “On War.” This text illuminated one of Clausewitz’s greatest contributions to military thought: the Trinity of war. Clausewitz argued that a successful military campaign requires the balanced cooperation of three important levels of society: the political wing (the government), the military wing (the army), and the popular wing (the citizenry). In modern warfare, Clausewitz’s Trinity still remains an important lesson, especially for non-state actors. By... Thu, 01 Nov 2012 06:41 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1208/lessons-on-government-from-one-non-state-entity-to-another-how-the-irish-republican-movement-informs-hezbollahs-attempt-at-the-clausewitzian-political-arm http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/687/lucius-sergius-catalina-villain-or-victim-the-famed-cicero-as-a-violent-aggressor By Lauren E. Raubaugh - Catilina was of a patrician birth, of a family much more established than Cicero’s own bloodline, but something – whether his incurred debt, strong personality, or rumors of his many indiscretions – kept him from finding success in his campaigns to become consul. A more direct reason for this failure, at least in 65 and 66 BCE, was a charge of extortion, illegally amassing wealth for himself while propraetor in Africa from 67-66 BCE. He was likely guilty, but such a charge is a far cry from the eventual accusations of murder – and, of course, of conspiracy. Regardless,... Tue, 28 Aug 2012 12:01 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/687/lucius-sergius-catalina-villain-or-victim-the-famed-cicero-as-a-violent-aggressor http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/659/the-mystery-of-miracles-examining-religious-providence-in-the-sixteenth-century-captivity-narratives-of-hans-staden-and-cabeza-de-vaca By Lauren E. Raubaugh - Miracles are a complex and fascinating phenomenon. Accounts throughout history have detailed remarkable instances of what people have claimed to be divine intervention, instances that continue to confound and mystify. After all, according to countless individuals, the dead have risen. Sure disaster has been averted. Prayer has led to the dissipation of storms or to the bringing of vital rain. Statues of Mary have cried tears of blood. Though such incredible claims has been gleaned from legitimate primary sources, modern historians find themselves in a quandary when attempting to establish their... Fri, 06 Jul 2012 08:05 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/659/the-mystery-of-miracles-examining-religious-providence-in-the-sixteenth-century-captivity-narratives-of-hans-staden-and-cabeza-de-vaca http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/637/day-of-destruction-decade-of-war-how-photographs-justified-the-war-on-terror By Tonei Glavinic - For many Americans, the date September 11, 2001 carries more weight than any other date in our nation’s history. It marks the beginning of a rapid sea change in American politics, and the start of a series of wars in foreign countries that we are still embroiled in ten years later. Yet something few think about at this point is why this attack happened, and how these wars got started. For most people, recalling the images of the burning World Trade Center is all the explanation they need for why we are still at war with Iraq. Those images, which dominated the covers of the world’s... Tue, 01 May 2012 01:42 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/637/day-of-destruction-decade-of-war-how-photographs-justified-the-war-on-terror http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/631/russia-and-iran-strategic-partners-or-competing-regional-hegemons-a-critical-analysis-of-russian-iranian-relations-in-the-post-soviet-space By Moritz A. Pieper - Russia and Iran have a long history of being geographic neighbours, rivals, competitors and partners - a history which has coined mutual expectations, stereotypes and interactions. Still present in the Iranian collective memory, Tsarist Russia expanded territorially into wide parts of what had hitherto been part of “Greater Iran” in Central Asia and the Caucasus. That way, Tehran lost Tbilisi and Baku to Russia in the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan and the khanates of Yerevan and Nakhichevan in the 1828 Treaty of Turkmanchai (Katouzian 2009: 144) - a historic disgrace which not only took... Sat, 07 Apr 2012 10:52 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/631/russia-and-iran-strategic-partners-or-competing-regional-hegemons-a-critical-analysis-of-russian-iranian-relations-in-the-post-soviet-space http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/579/somali-piracy-causes-and-consequences By Miles G. Kellerman - These accusations are actually quite legitimate. The United Nations estimates that illegal fishing companies from Europe and Asia rob Somali coastlines of over $300 million a year, mostly in the pursuit of yellow tuna.[17] In addition, a 2005 UN Environmental Report highlighted a long history of illegal dumping off the coast of Somalia, most notably from “'Ndrangheta”, an Italian criminal organization.[18] According to the report, it costs European companies $2.50 to dispose of one ton of waste off the horn of Africa, as opposed to $250 a ton to dispose of such material cleanly in... Fri, 30 Sep 2011 09:58 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/579/somali-piracy-causes-and-consequences http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/531/comparing-counterinsurgency-tactics-in-iraq-and-vietnam By Christopher Millson - “An insurgency is an organized, protracted politico-military struggle designed to weaken the control and legitimacy of an established government, occupying power, or other political authority while increasing insurgent control.”[i] Insurgencies often conduct guerilla warfare because it is necessary. During these movements the insurgents want power to flow out of the government and into their own hands. An insurgence uses four tactics in order to obtain its goal. The first is Provocation, an attempt to push the government to take an action that it normally would not want. The second... Mon, 23 May 2011 09:05 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/531/comparing-counterinsurgency-tactics-in-iraq-and-vietnam http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/505/understanding-iran-between-central-asia-and-the-gulf-cooperation-council By Tamim K. Kashgari - The Islamic Republic of Iran today sits at the crossroads of Asia between the Middle East and Central Asia. This inherently places it in very close proximity to over half of the world's known energy reserves both in the form of petroleum and natural gas. Thus, an understanding of Iranian intentions and motivations in both these regions are of paramount importance for the entire global community. On a superficial level, these regions share striking similarities. Both the Central Asian States as well as the Arab Gulf States are predominantly comprised of Sunni Muslims. They also share the trait... Tue, 05 Apr 2011 10:35 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/505/understanding-iran-between-central-asia-and-the-gulf-cooperation-council http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/324/botulinum-toxins-bad-bug-or-miracle-medicine By Erin B. Byers - Botulinum toxin (abbreviated as BTX or BoNT for botulinum neurotoxin) is a protein produced by the spore-forming, anaerobic, bacilli bacterium Clostridium botulinum. C. botulinum spores are found in soil and marine sediment worldwide as well as in the gastrointestinal tracts of some animals, including humans. Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are some of the most toxic proteins known with a median lethal dose (LD50) of 1 ng/kg to 3 ng/kg, depending on the transmission route (Montecucco & Molgo, 2005; Koirala, n.d.). Seven serologically distinct types of BoNT have been identified and are designated... Tue, 16 Nov 2010 10:33 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/324/botulinum-toxins-bad-bug-or-miracle-medicine http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/257/how-to-think-about-iran-demystifying-a-complex-international-challenge By Michael J. Norris - "When can we expect a pro-Western, pro-business government in Iran?" asks a US government official in the quasi-fictitious film Syriana. Today, it is highly probable that the same question is still being asked by anxious diplomats the world over. Iran’s nuclear aspirations, domestic repression and vast oil reserves have posed concern to both Western powers and its Arab neighbours. The resulting stigma which surrounds Irant—that of a backward nation run by basket-case ideologues—has perpetuated the string of diplomatic failures. Misinformation about Iran is rife and consequently... Mon, 21 Jun 2010 08:05 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/257/how-to-think-about-iran-demystifying-a-complex-international-challenge http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/254/president-bush-the-iraq-invasion-and-enhanced-interrogation By Chelsey E. Hay - Martin Luther King, Jr. once wrote that “to ignore evil is to become an accomplice to it.”[1]  Although this statement was meant towards the civil rights movement, the idea equally applies in other instances, especially in times of war.  In March of 2003, the United States invaded Iraq in a preemptive attack against the tyrannical rule of Saddam Hussein.  Despite the fact that President Bush and his administration had advertised the war as necessary in order to protect against the weapons of mass destruction (WMD) that Hussein would use in the imminent future, it became... Wed, 16 Jun 2010 07:42 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/254/president-bush-the-iraq-invasion-and-enhanced-interrogation http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/251/colin-powell-examining-a-key-player-in-the-bush-administration By Jessica M. Biedron - To understand an administration, you need to understand the key players. Through analyzing the Bush presidency, it is clear that the agenda was constructed and shaped by more than just one man. The President’s choice for executive cabinet members is the first major decision he will make and may affect the outcome of his presidency. The President’s cabinet is comprised of the most senior appointed officers in the executive branch of the federal government. Amongst other things, Article II, Section II of the US Constitution gives the President the power to create an executive cabinet... Thu, 13 May 2010 08:05 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/251/colin-powell-examining-a-key-player-in-the-bush-administration http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1259/influence-operations-as-counterinsurgency-a-strategy-of-divisiveness By Sam Worby - Since the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003, U.S. and coalition forces have found it difficult to win the "hearts and minds" of the civilian population. Like many other invading forces of the last half-century, the U.S. has found itself fighting an unmarked, non-state, and highly adaptable foe: the insurgent. Central to counterinsurgency doctrine (COIN) is the concept of winning the "hearts and minds" of the civilian population. Insurgencies derive their power from popular support. A powerful insurgency or counterinsurgency, therefore, has a firm grip on the hearts and minds of... Thu, 15 Apr 2010 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1259/influence-operations-as-counterinsurgency-a-strategy-of-divisiveness http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/136/conspiracy-did-fdr-deceive-the-american-people-in-a-push-for-war By Mallary A. Silva - “Yesterday, December 7th, 1941 -- a date which will live in infamy…” is one of the most recognized speeches in United States history.[1] Franklin Delano Roosevelt spoke firmly and directly on December 8, 1941 of a Japanese “premeditated” attack on American soil. He called for war with hopes of “victory” and “triumph.”[2] His direct and solid tone quickly ascended into a fervent promise to secure American lives from the “treachery” of Pearl Harbor.[3] The House of Representatives acknowledged the will of the American people with... Sun, 24 Jan 2010 11:39 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/136/conspiracy-did-fdr-deceive-the-american-people-in-a-push-for-war