http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/keyword/governance Inquiries Journal provides undergraduate and graduate students around the world a platform for the wide dissemination of academic work over a range of core disciplines. en-us Thu, 21 May 2026 13:51:48 -0400 Thu, 21 May 2026 13:51:48 -0400 http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1906/turning-crisis-into-opportunity-how-global-economic-institutions-can-use-covid-19-to-address-global-challenges By Nicolas Verbeek - The COVID-19 crisis has exacerbated current global challenges. However, this article argues that this time of crisis can also be a unique opportunity for the existing global economic institutions - G20, WTO, IMF, and World Bank (WB) - to make the necessary improvements that are needed to effectively address the global challenges of our time. First and foremost, these challenges include the immediate health crisis, climate change, and global inequality. The opportunity has come to become effective altruists, that is, to do the best possible for people who are worse off at a moderate cost to oneself... Thu, 16 Sep 2021 08:18 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1906/turning-crisis-into-opportunity-how-global-economic-institutions-can-use-covid-19-to-address-global-challenges http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1740/explaining-the-rise-of-populism-in-poland-the-post-communist-transition-as-a-critical-juncture-and-origin-of-political-decay-in-poland By Phillip S. Swallow - The Polish populist Law and Justice Party (PiS) overturned the mainstream consensus in Polish politics by returning to power in 2015 with a populist platform, decrying a selfish elite and advancing policies that critics saw as illiberal and authoritarian. In response to the PiS’s policies, the European Commission took the extreme step of triggering Article 7, which could result in suspension of Poland’s voting rights, among other sanctions(Baume, 2017). How did things go so wrong? Poland was once the shining example of the EU’s eastward expansion. Donald Tusk, its former president... Sat, 07 Jul 2018 10:14 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1740/explaining-the-rise-of-populism-in-poland-the-post-communist-transition-as-a-critical-juncture-and-origin-of-political-decay-in-poland http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1525/development-discourse-and-the-conduct-of-conduct-promoting-good-governance-in-tanzania By Samuel W. Singler - Following the failure of Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) in the 1980s, and the liberal triumphalism caused by the end of the Cold War, development discourse underwent a significant transformation. Key to the new development paradigm was the promotion of “good governance,” stressing the role of governments in providing a sound legal and institutional framework for economic growth and development, and conversely locating the failures of past development programmes in the “poor governance” of aid recipient states (World Bank, 1992: 9). According to the good governance... Wed, 01 Feb 2017 11:53 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1525/development-discourse-and-the-conduct-of-conduct-promoting-good-governance-in-tanzania http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1492/how-democratic-was-the-roman-republic-the-theory-and-practice-of-an-archetypal-democracy By Zachary S. Brown - In Federalist No. 34 Alexander Hamilton, arguing for the ratification of the United States Constitution, claimed that the Roman Republic had “attained to the utmost height of human greatness.”[1] The Roman Republic, at least an idealized version, was explicitly the model that the founding fathers looked to when developing their own democratic constitution. By and large, this model has succeeded in establishing a stable democracy. American success and the subsequent global proliferation of democratic regimes in the twentieth century have made the triumph of democracy, with its roots... Sun, 06 Nov 2016 05:57 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1492/how-democratic-was-the-roman-republic-the-theory-and-practice-of-an-archetypal-democracy http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1469/canadian-democracy-in-theory-and-practice-the-roots-of-semi-representative-liberalism By Carter Vance - This article explores the nature of Canada’s political system as an evolving consequence of its roots in classical liberal thinking coupled with the self-protecting instincts of a variety of elite interest groups. In performing this exploration, through the political economy of such issues as free trade and public versus private service provision, it argues that this system deliberately closes down certain political possibilities by institutionally underrepresenting particular communities and restricting policy sovereignty via international agreements. This creates disconnects between the... Thu, 27 Oct 2016 10:57 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1469/canadian-democracy-in-theory-and-practice-the-roots-of-semi-representative-liberalism http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1420/the-rise-of-global-health-how-did-health-become-a-matter-of-global-concern By Samuel W. Singler - Global health governance is often traced back to the mid-nineteenth century, when European states participated in the International Sanitary Conference of 1851 in order to standardize quarantine regulations, constituting one of the earliest multilateral responses to an international health issue (McKee et al., 2001: 7). Technological innovations and the confirmation of germ theory contributed to increased international cooperation in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in order to prevent the spread of disease across national borders, leading to the creation of the International... Thu, 09 Jun 2016 11:33 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1420/the-rise-of-global-health-how-did-health-become-a-matter-of-global-concern http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1415/consequences-of-iraqi-de-baathification By Cherish M. Zinn - Ambassador Paul Bremer of the Coalition Provisional Authority, America's interim government between Saddam's fall and the independent establishment of a new Iraqi government, issued two specific orders during his term which combined to create a power vacuum in the weakened nation. The first order, or the De-Baathification order, eliminated the top four tiers of Saddam's Baath party from current and future positions of civil service. The second disbanded the Iraqi military. Both orders worked to eliminate the institutional memory of all Iraqi institutions, requiring Bremer to establish the nation... Mon, 23 May 2016 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1415/consequences-of-iraqi-de-baathification http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1346/responsiveness-in-american-higher-education-the-evolution-of-institutional-governance-structures By Jonathan W. Stoessel - Building a framework to understand a complex system, such as American Higher Education, requires a focused approach. The richness of history behind colleges and universities in the United States can lead analysts in any number of directions. From economics to governance, to curriculum and accreditation, approaches to analyzing the system have grown exponentially as more stakeholders have been brought into the conversation. As the demand for higher education has become an international imperative, perhaps it is more fitting to analyze what makes the American system unique. In his work, the &ldquo... Mon, 01 Feb 2016 10:03 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1346/responsiveness-in-american-higher-education-the-evolution-of-institutional-governance-structures http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/818/conceptualizing-the-shared-governance-model-in-american-higher-education-considering-the-governing-board-president-and-faculty By Jonathan W. Stoessel - The ideal conception of “shared governance” models was not to serve a dominant group while simply considering the ideas of others. It should consider the input and concerns of the three groups identified in this paper – the governing board, president, and faculty – while ultimately serving the needs of the broader society. Void of this principle, colleges and universities would not achieve their ultimate mission of disseminating knowledge and preparing students to become productive citizens (Gerber, 2001). Although the model has undergone many changes, and will continue... Mon, 09 Dec 2013 10:11 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/818/conceptualizing-the-shared-governance-model-in-american-higher-education-considering-the-governing-board-president-and-faculty http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/760/anxieties-of-empire-examining-frontier-governance-in-19th-century-british-india By Zaib Un Nisa Aziz - In May 2012, Shakil Afridi received a sentence of thirty-three years “rigorous imprisonment” and a large fine for aiding foreign intelligence gatherers in their quest for Osama bin Laden. The Pakistani state did not charge Afridi – a doctor from the Khyber area of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) – under the national criminal code, where they would have risked a controversial public trial and a possible death sentence. Instead, Mohammad Nasir Khan, assistant Political Agent of Bara, Khyber Agency, announced on May 23rd, 2012 that Dr. Afridi had been tried &... Wed, 18 Sep 2013 11:45 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/760/anxieties-of-empire-examining-frontier-governance-in-19th-century-british-india http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1603/trouble-in-paradise-fijis-proclivity-to-coups By Tanya Vitusagavulu - Widely known as a tropical tourist destination, the Fiji Islands have been gripped by political turmoil and have had four coups in a span of 20 years. Various factors such as tradition versus modernity, military-civilian relations, failure of constitutionality, nationalism and power struggle are identified in this paper as factors of Fiji's political instability. This paper examines how socio-economic and cultural differences between the country's two major races, Fijians and Indians, have been the underlying cause of Fiji's proclivity to coups from 1987-2006. Along with other factors, the socioeconomic... Fri, 31 May 2013 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1603/trouble-in-paradise-fijis-proclivity-to-coups http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1604/busted-by-the-feds-government-corruption-and-drug-trafficking By Erica Thomas - The international drug trade and the power of drug cartels have perplexed both analysts and policy makers for years. As drug production and trade grow, cartels have climbed to unthinkable heights of power and, in some cases, have crippled governments. This study explores this problem and attempts to answer the predominant question raised: why do states struggle to eradicate such powerful drug cartels and drug trafficking organizations? While multiple schools of thought emerge that answer this question, research finds that existing literature shows little quantitative and holistic analysis of government... Fri, 31 May 2013 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1604/busted-by-the-feds-government-corruption-and-drug-trafficking http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1203/bangladesh-a-case-study-in-the-rise-of-the-nation-state By Aamir Hussain - After the Partition of India in 1947, the two nascent countries of India and Pakistan each faced the difficult task of nation-state consolidation; however, Pakistan's problem was exacerbated by the fact that it had been geographically divided even further with its East and West sections "separated by over 1000 miles of Indian territory"1. The emergence of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (formerly known as East Pakistan) as an independent nation-state in 1971 therefore represents a significant case among modern countries because Bangladesh's seemingly mutually reinforcing identities of "nation... Mon, 15 Apr 2013 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1203/bangladesh-a-case-study-in-the-rise-of-the-nation-state http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1208/lessons-on-government-from-one-non-state-entity-to-another-how-the-irish-republican-movement-informs-hezbollahs-attempt-at-the-clausewitzian-political-arm By Paul Baumgardner - The great nineteenth-century military theorist Carl von Clausewitz changed the art of war forever with his masterwork, “On War.” This text illuminated one of Clausewitz’s greatest contributions to military thought: the Trinity of war. Clausewitz argued that a successful military campaign requires the balanced cooperation of three important levels of society: the political wing (the government), the military wing (the army), and the popular wing (the citizenry). In modern warfare, Clausewitz’s Trinity still remains an important lesson, especially for non-state actors. By... Thu, 01 Nov 2012 06:41 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1208/lessons-on-government-from-one-non-state-entity-to-another-how-the-irish-republican-movement-informs-hezbollahs-attempt-at-the-clausewitzian-political-arm http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/652/global-governance-and-the-environment-evaluating-the-effectiveness-of-global-governance-in-tackling-contemporary-environmental-issues By Richard E. Poole - The first major hurdle for effective global governance of the environment lies not with its practical problems and applications, but a difficulty in deciphering the very concepts that define it. In fact, the notion of ‘global environmental governance’ itself is a highly contested and ambiguous term. As Biermann purports, “clear definitions of ‘global governance’… have not yet been agreed upon: global governance means different things to different authors” (Biermann 2004, p. 06). What's more, “the different conceptualizations of GEG… cannot... Wed, 13 Jun 2012 11:31 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/652/global-governance-and-the-environment-evaluating-the-effectiveness-of-global-governance-in-tackling-contemporary-environmental-issues http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1218/letter-from-tunisia By Jouini Elyès - I will remember that phone call of January 20th 2011 for a long time. Six days after the flight of the Tunisian president Ben Ali, the Prime Minister, Mohamed Ghannouchi, called me and said, “I need you to form a new government.” I asked for a few days to organize my departure from Paris, but Mohamed Ghannouchi passed the phone to one of his advisers, who said, “the situation is too unstable, come as soon as possible.” So the next day, I took the 8am flight for Tunis and settled in an office adjacent to Prime Minister. My role was to attend all of the Prime Minister&rsquo... Tue, 01 Nov 2011 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1218/letter-from-tunisia http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1075/european-enlargement-a-normative-perspective By Benjamin Walton - It was commonplace among academics of the 1970s to share an understanding of the frozen nature of international relations during the Cold War period, and to hold similar assumptions about the fixed character of the nation-state and the importance of direct military power in strengthening the international society.1 However, the Cold War, which structured many of these assumptions, ended with the collapse of norms across Central Europe rather than through the employment of force.2 Therefore, a better understanding of the European Union’s (EU) role today might be attained by reflecting on... Thu, 01 Sep 2011 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1075/european-enlargement-a-normative-perspective http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1077/the-importance-of-the-lisbon-treaty-in-the-future-governance-of-europe-and-the-necessity-for-further-revision By Ainsley Gilbert - The lack of democracy in the European Union prior to the Treaty of Lisbon has been criticised by many, and it is fair to say that the EU was ‘closer to a form of enlightened despotism than a genuine democracy’.3 The only directly elected institution, the European Parliament, had little power, and citizens had no way of ”getting involved” in the policy making process of the Union other than through its infrequent elections. Decision-making authority rested with the unelected bureaucracy of the Commission and the Council of Ministers (made up of national politicians) rather... Thu, 01 Sep 2011 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1077/the-importance-of-the-lisbon-treaty-in-the-future-governance-of-europe-and-the-necessity-for-further-revision http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1080/in-the-ecj-we-trust-the-authority-of-eu-law-in-the-context-of-constitutional-conflict By Sofiya Kartalova - “In God We Trust” - the motto that inspired a nation built on the paradox ‘out of many, one’ could be construed as the wish for ‘divine goodness and order in the universe’.1 It entails the full recognition of a supreme power. However, the wording does not convey blind obedience, nor does it suggest a contract between equals. Instead, “trust” is rooted in delegation; it boils down to the investment of confidence. Another aspect here is the acknowledgement of abilities of a higher standard than one’s own. Thus, trust is the source of authority... Thu, 01 Sep 2011 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1080/in-the-ecj-we-trust-the-authority-of-eu-law-in-the-context-of-constitutional-conflict http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1233/decentralization-examined-conditions-dependent-path-towards-success By Nenna Ibeanusi - However, an examination of the empirical findings from several case studies suggests that decentralization can oftentimes fail to usher in the type of reform that it is associated with. Furthermore, decentralization can encounter impediments to its success either in the failure to fully implement the policy of decentralization, a shift towards re-centralization, or an inherently incoherent policy framework. The success of decentralization is thus contingent upon several factors including but not limited to the sequence of decentralization, the incentives of political actors, and the institutional... Fri, 15 Apr 2011 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1233/decentralization-examined-conditions-dependent-path-towards-success http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/331/defining-a-nation-the-power-of-the-nation-and-its-influence-on-native-american-first-nations By Eve R. Hill - The term ‘nation’ is notoriously hard to define, not only because it has multiple meanings, but because the prevailing definitions change in response to various social and political factors (Ozkirimli 2000). In its most basic form a nation is conceptualized as a distinctive group of people occupying a defined territory between which there is an immutable relationship (Penrose 1993; 1994). However this category has already become problematic as groups of people and territories rarely align so readily. This brings forth the question, is ‘nation’ therefore an unrealistic concept... Mon, 29 Nov 2010 10:02 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/331/defining-a-nation-the-power-of-the-nation-and-its-influence-on-native-american-first-nations http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/297/reconsidering-constitutional-theory-in-the-global-age-structure-finance-and-representation By Kevin M. Bell - We live in a time today similar to the beginning of the 20th century; then, industrial forces were rapidly changing (as seen in the industrial revolution and the rise of the Western nation-state) in ways that parallel our current state of economic transformation. Every day we witness the world shrink as these changes have enabled the imminent globalization of our economic markets – and necessarily the emergence of our global society. Reason concludes and history shows that agency structures, legislated in 1913 and intended to combat similar economic changes from a century ago, cannot apply... Thu, 07 Oct 2010 06:05 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/297/reconsidering-constitutional-theory-in-the-global-age-structure-finance-and-representation http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/214/the-flipside-of-corporate-social-responsibility-csr By Ali B. Al-Bayaa - The United Nations states that at its broadest, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) can be defined as the overall contribution of business to sustaina­ble development (UNDESA, 2007). That being said, unmonitored corporate social responsibility threatens not only individual security but the world’s security at large. This paper will attempt to demonstrate that not only would our faith be misplaced in entrusting corporations with the security of the global economy, as the recent economic crisis has clearly demonstrated, but furthermore we cannot entrust corporations with the three basic... Wed, 24 Mar 2010 09:31 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/214/the-flipside-of-corporate-social-responsibility-csr http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1114/the-lisbon-treaty-am-i-a-real-boy-now By Sofiya Kartalov - The Lisbon Treaty operates under the presumption that the EU is an incomplete individual, seeking to remedy the defects and omissions in its body. This organisation has taken on a quest for self-improvement similar to that of Pinocchio, the wooden marionette whose only wish is to become a real boy, in that it demonstrates a desire to change and evolve. The EU has already acquired personal will and now it seeks integrity as a whole individual. The Lisbon Treaty makes a bold claim towards this final goal by not only preserving the soul of the Union, but also striving to turn democracy, transparency... Fri, 01 Jan 2010 12:00 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1114/the-lisbon-treaty-am-i-a-real-boy-now http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1307/can-kosovo-be-a-precedent-for-south-ossetia-and-abkhazia-recognizing-differences-in-dynamics-of-recognition By Anna V. Dolidze - The issue of whether the recognition of Kosovo as an independent state might serve as a precedent for former autonomous republics of Georgia, South Ossetia and Abkhazia has been often debated. This paper aims at comparing the processes of recognition of these three entities. It illustrates that the international community has been gradually recognizing Kosovo as a State while South Ossetia/Abkhazia have been subjected to the policy of non-recognition. It argues that because the dynamics of recognition of Kosovo and South Ossetia/Abkhazia have been very different, it is less likely that the establishment... Wed, 15 Apr 2009 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1307/can-kosovo-be-a-precedent-for-south-ossetia-and-abkhazia-recognizing-differences-in-dynamics-of-recognition http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1308/a-solution-for-africa-the-coexistence-of-regionalism By Anna Collins - Regionalism—the efforts of a group of nations to enhance their economic, political, social, and cultural interaction—can assume various forms, including regional integration/cooperation, market integration, development integration, with the intent of accommodating the changing national, international, and regional environment. Despite the fact that to this day, attempts at integration (in particular, market integration based on the EU model) and regionalist impulses as they currently occur have been entirely unproductive throughout the African continent, regionalism continues to be... Wed, 15 Apr 2009 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1308/a-solution-for-africa-the-coexistence-of-regionalism http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1283/fixing-international-security-reforming-the-security-council By Andrew Kao - The United Nations Security Council is the most important organ in the United Nations, charged with determining “the existence of any threat to peace, breach of peace, or act of aggression” and to “maintain or restore international security” with military force if necessary. 1 The first attempts at reforming the Security Council was made on December 17, 1963, where the United Nations General Assembly voted to amend Article 23 of the UN charter, increasing the non-permanent members of the Security Council. 2 More recently, the former-Secretary General Kofi Annan’s &... Tue, 15 Apr 2008 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1283/fixing-international-security-reforming-the-security-council http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1291/four-challenges-for-europe By Michel Barnier - In Washington as in Peking, in Beirut as in Bamako, the question is asked of us: what is the European Union’s (EU) foreign policy? In Lisbon on October 18th, the 27 member states agreed to a first response on means and tools. With the creation of a post of High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Europe will be represented on the international scene by one sole and powerful spokesperson discussing, whether with Russia or with the United States (US), world challenges. Without substituting for national efforts, the High Representative will have available the totality of... Thu, 01 Nov 2007 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1291/four-challenges-for-europe http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1095/a-house-divided-is-the-division-of-britain-a-bad-thing By D.J. Tyrer - New Labour’ has committed itself to giving each division of the United Kingdom a parliament or assembly of its own. Already we have a Scottish Parliament and a Welsh Assembly (just because Wales is a principality does it not deserve a parliament too?), as well as a nascent Ulster Assembly, unless the peace talks fail. So far England has been left out of this scramble for autonomy which has rather unfairly left it for now still under the control of the Westminster Parliament, giving Welsh and Scottish politicians a disproportionate say in British politics compared to those of England. Eventually... Sat, 01 Jan 2000 12:00 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1095/a-house-divided-is-the-division-of-britain-a-bad-thing http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1151/why-being-third-isnt-good-enough-a-critique-of-the-third-way By Peter Hand - For a government so keen on ‘sound-bite’ over substance, gimmicks over values and image over principle, the early indications were, that this was a government void of any real beliefs. Apart from a desire to win – a means in itself – it has been very difficult to pinpoint what exactly is this government’s philosophy. This indeed has been the case from the ‘peoples’ Prime Minster’, to the people themselves. For example, we started off with ‘Cool Britannia’, designed to represent the ‘new’ spirit of this Labour government... Fri, 01 Jan 1999 12:00 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1151/why-being-third-isnt-good-enough-a-critique-of-the-third-way