http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/keyword/france Inquiries Journal provides undergraduate and graduate students around the world a platform for the wide dissemination of academic work over a range of core disciplines. en-us Sun, 16 Aug 2026 21:17:44 -0400 Sun, 16 Aug 2026 21:17:44 -0400 http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1438/still-cordiale-revisiting-the-entente-cordiale-in-the-context-of-european-security-and-brexit By Paul Hagan - When Britain and France signed what became known as the ‘Entente Cordiale' in 1904, it brought into being an era of mutual cooperation between two neighbours whose past had often made them the best of enemies. The partnership served and survived two World Wars, but when I examined it in its centenary year for this publication back in 2004, relations had frayed. The fog on the channel had been broughtabout by disagreements over the Iraq war and French designs on building a counterweight to the US. However it would seem that in the years since the US-led invasion of Iraq, it would seem that... Wed, 24 Aug 2016 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1438/still-cordiale-revisiting-the-entente-cordiale-in-the-context-of-european-security-and-brexit http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/697/napoleon-bonapartes-peak-of-military-success-ulm-and-austerlitz By John T. Allsbrook - Napoleon Bonaparte is considered one of the greatest military minds in the history of warfare. When Napoleon Bonaparte launched into a long series of wars known as the “Napoleonic Wars” with Europe in 1799, he was determined to extend the territorial boundaries of France and its revolutionary borders. Historians view the “Napoleonic Wars” as a continuation of the wars sparked by the French Revolution of 1789, which had significant impact on all of Europe and revolutionized European armies. With the modern creation of mass conscription, the French Empire quickly grew, as... Mon, 17 Sep 2012 11:05 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/697/napoleon-bonapartes-peak-of-military-success-ulm-and-austerlitz http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/623/before-the-fall-calls-for-reform-prior-to-the-french-revolution By Melissa S. McHugh - Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot wrote, “Because it takes a long time before we are convinced of their inutility, foundations have sometimes become positively harmful before they have even been suspected of being useless.”[1] One could apply this reasoning to the French monarchy in the late 18th century, particularly in the reigns of Louis XV and his grandson, Louis XVI, neither of whom possessed the sheer intimidating will of Louis XIV. They still retained the traditional powers of the French monarch, but not the literal authority required to rule. They nettled with their Parlements and... Fri, 16 Mar 2012 10:16 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/623/before-the-fall-calls-for-reform-prior-to-the-french-revolution http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/596/preserving-the-role-of-the-french-constitutional-council-as-a-check-on-executive-power By Oliver Rieche - The Constitutional Council was established when the Fifth Republic was born in 1958 (Cole 1998, p. 63). Initially designed as a tool to protect the executive against parliament, the Council evolved into a powerful force against the government (Elgie and Griggs 2000, p. 27). It ensures that elections are conducted fairly and that bills conform to the constitution (Slater 1985, p. 180). This essay argues that the most important role of the Constitutional Council today is to serve as a check on executive power in order to protect the rights of citizens. To understand this, we need to contrast its... Tue, 22 Nov 2011 11:33 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/596/preserving-the-role-of-the-french-constitutional-council-as-a-check-on-executive-power http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/580/the-legacy-of-international-cooperation-at-the-nuremberg-trials By Melissa S. McHugh - The trial itself commenced on November 21, 1945 and continued until October 1, 1946. Twelve smaller trials were held subsequently between 1946 and 1949, but they were not prosecuted jointly by the Allied powers but rather only by the American prosecution under the direction of Telford Taylor, who had worked on Robert Jackson’s staff during the first trial. Allied powers had been negotiating the fate of the Nazi leaders since the first meeting of American President Franklin Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet Union leader Joseph Stalin in Tehran, Iran. As the war... Tue, 04 Oct 2011 10:06 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/580/the-legacy-of-international-cooperation-at-the-nuremberg-trials http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/573/the-macdonald-sisters-how-they-visually-created-equality-between-men-and-women By Claire E. Jones - The prevailing issue of fin-de-siècle France was the increasing autonomy of women. Independence for women threatened traditional social and gender roles, and consequently men’s civil power. Margaret and Frances Macdonald embodied this “new woman” with their status and education as professional artists and the visual motifs that they accordingly employed. They managed to combine feminine and masculine characteristics into one figure in their works, effectively establishing an androgynous figure. In the process they managed to establish an equality, if not superiority, of... Tue, 13 Sep 2011 09:41 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/573/the-macdonald-sisters-how-they-visually-created-equality-between-men-and-women http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/561/political-and-social-change-and-its-depictions-in-19th-century-french-and-english-caricature-decapitation-dismemberment-and-defecation By Ryan P. O'Donnell - This essay discusses the role of caricatures and cartoons in promoting political and social change during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. The first section examines the caricature as an instrument of social change. The nexy section examines the development of caricature within France, and the subsequent attack of monarchical systems of government, leading to changing perceptions of the monarch figure and implications of censorship. The third section examines satirical caricature’s attack of the Church, and its questioning of both the role of religion in society and the differentiation... Mon, 15 Aug 2011 08:05 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/561/political-and-social-change-and-its-depictions-in-19th-century-french-and-english-caricature-decapitation-dismemberment-and-defecation http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/513/governmentality-and-the-deportation-of-eastern-european-roma-in-italy-and-france By Carmen Radu - This case study asks the following question: given the symbol of the European Union as the ultimate supranational, rights-based, compliance-inducing international organization, why have member states France and Italy escaped punishment for their blatant violations of international law, reflected in their mass deportations of Roma and the dismantlement of Roma camps during the period of 2008 to 2010? Inspired by a Foucauldian theoretical framework, this paper analyzes how discourses and practices reveal power relationships at the EU and state levels, and argues that the mass deportations are a... Fri, 15 Apr 2011 08:57 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/513/governmentality-and-the-deportation-of-eastern-european-roma-in-italy-and-france http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/210/every-place-in-the-world-on-the-same-level-examining-the-display-of-non-western-art-at-the-musee-du-quai-branly By Taylor L. Poulin - The Musée du Quai Branly opened under the long shadow of the Eiffel Tower in 2006 to spectacular criticism. Initiated primarily at the behest of then-President Jacques Chirac (b. 1932, held office from 1995-2007), the museum possesses an eclectic family tree, a complex history, and a controversial curatorial practice. Built to house the majority of France’s comprehensive collection of non-Western art, the museum stemmed not only from Chirac’s deep interest in non-Western art,[1] but has origins in two previously established museums and gallery spaces devoted as well to non-Western... Mon, 22 Mar 2010 09:05 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/210/every-place-in-the-world-on-the-same-level-examining-the-display-of-non-western-art-at-the-musee-du-quai-branly http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/187/the-uncommon-commonality-of-eleanor-of-aquitaine By Katherine M. Baltrush - The changes taking place in this 12th century European world were not, however, uniform throughout Christendom. In his biography of Eleanor of Aquitaine, simply named after its subject, Desmond Seward begins with a description of the culture of the province into which the future icon was born. In particular, he dwells on the fundamental differences between the southern province of Aquitaine and its northern counterparts of the Ils de France and the duchy of Normandy. These distinctions seem rather marked. One is southern preference for literature as the intellectual exercise of choice rather than... Mon, 01 Mar 2010 09:48 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/187/the-uncommon-commonality-of-eleanor-of-aquitaine http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/142/degrees-of-violence-in-the-french-revolution By Mallary A. Silva - The French Revolution marks a stain in history, notorious for one of the bloodiest periods in modern civilization. Whether this infamous violence existed at the birth of the Revolution or only during the Terror has been the topic of debate between scholars since the 1980s.[1] François Furet challenges the previous “theory of circumstances” claiming that the violence, which existed during “The Terror,” existed at the birth of the Revolution.[2] Violence was predicted even before tensions peaked in France, and undeniably was existent during the beginning stages of... Wed, 27 Jan 2010 09:07 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/142/degrees-of-violence-in-the-french-revolution http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/112/la-fin-dun-reve-french-newspaper-coverage-of-911 By Joshua C. Feblowitz - In the immediate aftermath of September 11th, the reaction of the French media was one of passionate empathy. The September 12th headline of Le Monde reads simply “Nous sommes tous Américains” (We are all Americans).[1] Yet as early as September 13th, Le Monde began broaching criticism of American policy and scrutinizing the American response. Close readings of this rapidly changing stance reveal French resistance to a dominant US narrative of rigid moral dichotomy. On the whole, the opinions that appeared in Le Monde in the week following 9/11 trace a trajectory from cautious... Tue, 05 Jan 2010 11:03 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/112/la-fin-dun-reve-french-newspaper-coverage-of-911 http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/96/jean-de-joinville-and-his-biography-of-saint-louis-on-the-seventh-crusade By Katherine Blakeney - The French historian Jean de Joinville was born into a noble and influential family in Champagne in 1224.[1] He took the cross in 1248 to join the first crusade of Louis IX. His decision to go on crusade was at least in part influenced by the long and illustrious history of crusading in his family. His grandfather Geoffroy died at the siege of Acre in 1189, his uncles Geoffroy and Robert had both participated in the Fourth crusade, and his father Simon, had fought in the Albigensian crusade and alongside John de Brienne (titular king of Jerusalem) at the siege of Damietta. His uncle Geoffroy had... Fri, 18 Dec 2009 09:21 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/96/jean-de-joinville-and-his-biography-of-saint-louis-on-the-seventh-crusade