http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/keyword/eta Inquiries Journal provides undergraduate and graduate students around the world a platform for the wide dissemination of academic work over a range of core disciplines. en-us Tue, 14 Apr 2026 21:50:38 -0400 Tue, 14 Apr 2026 21:50:38 -0400 http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1917/the-structure-of-fiction-and-the-emergence-of-the-other-than By Dani W. Park - In this essay, I will analyze the structure of fiction, arguing that this structure is a duality that rests upon a spirit that defines and propels fiction in reality. This spirit, which I refer to as the Other-than, is the metaphysical embodiment of radical change that seeks to emerge in reality. The structure by which this spirit of fiction emerges, however, depends on two components- the Imaginative and the Written. The Imaginative is the divided and individuated form of the Other-than that is imbued within each work of fiction and is therefore incapable of ideological influence; the Written... Mon, 18 Oct 2021 07:21 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1917/the-structure-of-fiction-and-the-emergence-of-the-other-than http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1813/the-use-of-ketamine-as-a-treatment-for-depression-and-alcohol-use-disorders By Brendan Kelleher - Ketamine, described by the chemical formula C13H16ClNO, is most commonly associated with adolescent and adult recreational drug users and ravers who abuse this drug to experience a euphoric and dissociative state. Although this drug is a federal schedule III controlled substance as a result of this abuse potential, ketamine has experienced a renaissance in clinical interest in recent years.1 Although clinical use of ketamine is controversial, it has become a focal point of pharmacological research due to its considerably diverse molecular targets and neurophysiological properties.2 In fact, recent... Sat, 10 Oct 2020 07:51 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1813/the-use-of-ketamine-as-a-treatment-for-depression-and-alcohol-use-disorders http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1789/negotiating-the-concept-of-national-allegory-homosexuality-departure-and-homecoming-in-pedro-almodandoacute;vars-pain-and-glory-and-midi-zs-nina-wu By Qingyang Zhou - Often regarded as the glorious palace showcasing contemporary world cinema (“Press Conference”), the Cannes Film Festival epitomizes the roles of an accreditor, an archaeologist, and a political activist. It jumpstarts the careers of emerging auteurs from around the globe, casts light on obscure cinematic traditions, and engenders debates on controversial social issues in specific nations and regions. Encounters with the foreign constitute an integral part of the festival experience for the majority of the audience. As a result, filmmakers from less renowned national industries (i.... Sun, 06 Sep 2020 07:54 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1789/negotiating-the-concept-of-national-allegory-homosexuality-departure-and-homecoming-in-pedro-almodandoacute;vars-pain-and-glory-and-midi-zs-nina-wu http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1773/a-nietzschean-interpretation-of-the-self-in-psychological-continuity By Harry P. Chalklin - There are two views of personal identity that many people find plausible. The first is the psychological continuity view; the second is what I shall call multiplicity views of the self. Despite their plausibility, these positions appear incompatible, as I shall go on to explain. In this essay, I propose the thesis that psychological continuity and multiplicity views of the self can be made compatible by thinking of the self, not as a continuous psychological unity, but instead as a continuous, creative, psychological task a person undertakes to form a self which feels more unified than it previously... Mon, 02 Dec 2019 08:38 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1773/a-nietzschean-interpretation-of-the-self-in-psychological-continuity http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1718/debating-space-through-the-gand#246;ttingen-review-why-kants-transcendental-ideality-of-space-exceeds-berkeleys-subjective-idealist-interpretation By Rocco A. Astore - It is not often that one questions the nature of space, in fact, most people understand extension as independent of their mind as well as the objects that appear in their surrounding world. However, in a radical twist, fitting for the revolutionary epoch of the Enlightenment, Königsberg scholar, philosopher Immanuel Kant forwarded a strikingly new hypothesis. To Kant, although the representations of objects rely on space for their subsistence, minds are independent of it, since they alone impose space onto the world of appearance. Despite his view not being readily defendable by all his peers... Tue, 09 Jan 2018 04:25 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1718/debating-space-through-the-gand#246;ttingen-review-why-kants-transcendental-ideality-of-space-exceeds-berkeleys-subjective-idealist-interpretation http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1651/fighting-for-euskera-the-role-of-language-in-basque-nationalism-and-the-development-of-the-eta By Keely L. Smith - Basque nationalism is a movement that has encompassed myth, mystery, violence, and compromise, all of which have found their justification from the unique language, Euskera. The source of Euskera is uncertain due to its non-Indo-European origin, although there is evidence that it belongs “to the same agglutinative type of speech as do Santali, Mundari, Kurku, and other dialects of the Munda or Kolarian family of Bengal.”[1] This differentiation, though it gives little explanation as to the location of its foundations, does suggest that the Basques “are the descendants of indigenous... Fri, 09 Jun 2017 09:23 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1651/fighting-for-euskera-the-role-of-language-in-basque-nationalism-and-the-development-of-the-eta http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1639/does-essence-precede-existence-a-look-at-camuss-metaphysical-rebellion By Scot N. DuFour - Albert Camus lived during a tumultuous time that included his experience of World War II and the Algerian War. Camus is most prominently known as an author of fine French literature but he was also a philosopher. While it is debatable whether Camus was an existentialist, a label he personally disliked, his analysis of rebellion in his work The Rebel serves as a relevant argument for the establishment of an ethic based on metaphysical rebellion. Camus faced and was witness to great oppression throughout his lifetime so it is no surprise that he wrote about rebellion. Camus was personally part of... Mon, 01 May 2017 10:41 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1639/does-essence-precede-existence-a-look-at-camuss-metaphysical-rebellion http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1631/causal-inference-to-ascertain-causes-of-metastasis-in-melanoma By Wesley Maddox - Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is a cancer affecting melanin-producing cells in the skin. It is a fairly common type of cancer with approximately 70,000 new cases diagnosed each year. Unlike many other cancer types, it has a fairly high survival rate with only approximately 8,000 deaths each year (The Cancer Genome Atlas, 2015). Similarly, many melanomas are diagnosed only after metastasis because many of those melanomas stay on the skin or other pigmented tissues and never metastasize. Much of the research regarding this disease has recently focused on attempting to understand and predict metastasis... Sat, 01 Apr 2017 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1631/causal-inference-to-ascertain-causes-of-metastasis-in-melanoma http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1527/tyrant-or-temptress-deciphering-meaning-from-stellas-sole-reply-in-sir-philip-sidneys-fourth-song By Emily Gray - First published in 1591 but thought to be composed sometime during the previous decade, Sir Philip Sidney’s Astrophil and Stella recounts the evolution of the relationship between the fictional, titular characters primarily from young Astrophil’s point of view. Consisting of 110 sonnets and 11 songs, the English poet’s sonnet sequence begins with a love-struck Astrophil narrating both his motivations for writing the various pieces and his initial struggle to begin translating his internal sentiments into poetic verse. The work goes on to document the transition of Astrophil&rsquo... Mon, 06 Feb 2017 06:04 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1527/tyrant-or-temptress-deciphering-meaning-from-stellas-sole-reply-in-sir-philip-sidneys-fourth-song http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1499/was-spinoza-a-kabbalist-the-influence-of-jewish-mysticism-in-book-i-of-ethics By Rocco A. Astore - Throughout philosophy’s history, some of its most prominent thinkers have drawn inspiration from sources outside of its canon. It is of my opinion that one of these philosophers, Spinoza, in the first book of his Ethics, borrowed elements of the Kabbalah, to portray his image of God. The first purpose of this piece is to explicate Spinoza’s understanding of God, or Nature so that the reader can assess and become familiarized with his views. Next, by using Daniel C. Matt’s The Essential Kabbalah, the Heart of Jewish Mysticism, I will hope to convey a general idea of the Kabbalist... Wed, 23 Nov 2016 09:07 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1499/was-spinoza-a-kabbalist-the-influence-of-jewish-mysticism-in-book-i-of-ethics http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1465/a-review-of-rehabilitation-protocols-following-acl-reconstruction By Daniel Indorato - The present study provided a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized control trials involving the effectiveness of various rehabilitation methods that have been implemented for the treatment of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). The review of the literature revealed the following as evidence for effective ACLR rehabilitation: early intervention strategy focused on restoring ROM, muscle strength, and ligament stability with the utilization of CKC exercises. The literature supports the use of dynamic intraligamentary stabilization (DIS), which should also be implemented... Sat, 22 Oct 2016 03:16 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1465/a-review-of-rehabilitation-protocols-following-acl-reconstruction http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1426/nagarjunas-idealism-as-a-metaphysical-justification-against-ignorance By Rocco A. Astore - The revered Madhyamika Buddhist philosopher Nagarjuna is a central figure in the history of Eastern thought. In his Seventy Stanzas, Nagarjuna shares his views on many eternal questions including inquiries into what it means to have a proper understanding of the mind and the objects that it perceives. Though counterintuitive, he believes that one should regard all objects as being ultimately immaterial because if objects were not ideational, one’s immaterial mind would not be able to perceive them (1). Nagarjuna’s view derives from his belief that the mind is an immaterial sense organ... Tue, 28 Jun 2016 06:58 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1426/nagarjunas-idealism-as-a-metaphysical-justification-against-ignorance http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1422/the-crispr-fantasy-flaws-in-current-metaphors-of-gene-modifying-technology By Alex J. Maben - CRISPR gene-modifying technology continues to revolutionize fields involving biological research. Rapid advancements, however, have sparked a vibrant bioethical debate scene. This research focuses on the effective usage of CRISPR metaphors in scientific communication. Specifically, I argue that the current figurative terminology—gene editing, targeting, scissors, etc.—exhibit underlying oversimplifications that bias public perspectives on CRISPR. Though the actual experimental science occurs in lab, the world learns about the discoveries through literary expression. It is thus... Mon, 13 Jun 2016 10:59 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1422/the-crispr-fantasy-flaws-in-current-metaphors-of-gene-modifying-technology http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1387/plotinus-ontology-and-the-problem-of-matter By Rocco A. Astore - Within The Enneads, Plotinus claims all existence derives from an entirely immaterial and benevolent source which he calls the One.[1] At the same time, he also states matter corrupts that which is immaterial, and one should not understand it as being good.[2] Therefore, how can one state that Plotinus is being consistent when he claims that all things derive from an all-good One, yet bodies are defective in nature? With this piece, I will first describe Plotinus’ understanding of the One. Next, I will state his notions concerning the nature of souls and bodies. I will then state his views... Wed, 30 Mar 2016 04:14 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1387/plotinus-ontology-and-the-problem-of-matter http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1354/examining-free-will-through-spinoza-and-descartes By Rocco A. Astore - According to Spinoza, for something to be entirely free it must be uncompelled in all ways and also the cause of itself.[1] Furthermore, because he believes that there is only one substance that causes itself, which is God, or Nature, and since he states it is uncompelled due to its existence being identical to its essence, it follows that due to its essence being of a self-determined nature, it by necessity exists without being dependent on any other being.[2] Also, since God is uncompelled, all things that derive from it are modes of its attributes and are not to be understood as being at the... Sun, 14 Feb 2016 03:53 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1354/examining-free-will-through-spinoza-and-descartes http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1327/hans-jonas-critique-of-the-modern-concept-of-causality By Joao B. Farias Jr - Hans Jonas main objective in his book The phenomenon of life is to offer an interpretation of the phenomenon of Being that is neither conditioned to dualism nor to a partial conception of being, such as those developed by idealism and by materialism. This essay presents some considerations concerning the Jonasian critique of the concept of causality as formulated by Kant and by Hume. After all, Jonas maintains that, because his ontology is based in the organic phenomenon of life, it requires a revision of what one understands as causality. The senses, or rather, the body that senses itself, is... Fri, 15 Jan 2016 02:36 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1327/hans-jonas-critique-of-the-modern-concept-of-causality http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1398/value-added-real-effective-exchange-rates-testing-for-countries-with-high-and-low-vertical-specialization-in-trade By Peter A. Kallis - I test a modified value-added real effective exchange rate based on the construction by Bems and Johnson (2012) for suitability as a replacement for conventionallyconstructed real effective exchange rates for countries with high vertical specialization. To do so, I construct an error-correction model using the exports of two countries with different levels of vertical specialization: Belgium and Germany. I find an insignificant relationship in the short run, but observe that in the long run, the value-added real effective exchange rate may perform better as an indicator of export competitiveness... Wed, 15 Apr 2015 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1398/value-added-real-effective-exchange-rates-testing-for-countries-with-high-and-low-vertical-specialization-in-trade http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1018/capital-controls-in-emerging-market-economies-comparing-their-use-and-effectiveness-in-five-countries By Urjita Sudula - The use and effectiveness of capital controls in emerging market economies is important to examine because of the potentially damaging effects that these controls may have on a country’s economic growth and development, especially if the country in question is growing at a fast rate. This study relies on quantitative methods to examine whether five emerging market economies in Latin America and Asia—Brazil, Chile, Thailand, Malaysia, and India—have become more insulated from capital flow volatility and exchange rate appreciation, among other economic effects, as a result of their... Mon, 23 Mar 2015 07:29 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1018/capital-controls-in-emerging-market-economies-comparing-their-use-and-effectiveness-in-five-countries http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/938/the-sexual-and-the-spiritual-in-john-donnes-poetry-exploring-the-extasie-and-its-analogues By Basil Thommen - This paper looks at the poet John Donne’s method of incorporating sexual imagery into religious and spiritual contexts. The main features of Donne’s technique arise from his notion of ecstasy. Donne’s ecstasy describes how the souls of two lovers leave their bodies during their physical union and mix together before returning to their original bodies. This experience purifies each of the lovers and grants them spiritual fulfillment. Writers such as Marsilio Ficino, St. Teresa of Avila, and others have proposed similar ideas regarding the transformative experience that sex has... Mon, 10 Nov 2014 10:14 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/938/the-sexual-and-the-spiritual-in-john-donnes-poetry-exploring-the-extasie-and-its-analogues http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/903/comparing-israels-2009-and-2013-elections-impacts-of-the-spiral-of-silence By T M - Section 2 introduces this theory, which was previously applied to German election campaigning in the 1970s[3] and U.S. presidential competition between Reagan and Carter[4] in 1980, among others. In order to provide the reader with an idea of the complex Israeli political sphere, section 3 introduces the main political actors and parties, and places them in the broader context of Israeli domestic and foreign politics. In section 4, the ‘spiral of silence’ theory is applied to evaluate whether this theory can explain key differences between the 2009 and 2013 Israeli elections, and the... Fri, 13 Jun 2014 09:50 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/903/comparing-israels-2009-and-2013-elections-impacts-of-the-spiral-of-silence http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1394/the-relationship-between-monetary-policy-and-asset-prices-a-new-approach-analyzing-us-manda-activity By Brett R. Ubl - This article details the relationship between asset prices and monetary policy with a specific focus on the mergers and acquisitions market. The existing literature has studied extensively the link between monetary policy and stock prices and housing prices, but has not analyzed other assets, such as MA transactions. Monetary policy theory suggest that a negative shock to monetary policy that lowers interest rates increases asset prices. A lower interest rate decreases the cost of borrowing, raises investment levels (say for firms or home-buyers), and thus raises the asset price. Using a VAR methodology... Tue, 15 Apr 2014 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1394/the-relationship-between-monetary-policy-and-asset-prices-a-new-approach-analyzing-us-manda-activity http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/876/baudrillards-vision-of-the-postmodern-society-and-the-hope-for-human-action By Gian Carla D. Agbisit - This paper is about the numbing of man’s critical impulse brought about by consumer society, a society obsessed with speed, and is characterized by a constant consumption of products—of good things turning into goods, of culture with price tags, and of the generation of the unreal to cover up the loss of the real. But this paper also argues that despite the radical change of focus—from the modern society’s concern for freedom and political change to the blurred postmodern distinction between real and unreal—there is an underlying political concern that must be addressed... Tue, 25 Mar 2014 09:39 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/876/baudrillards-vision-of-the-postmodern-society-and-the-hope-for-human-action http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/867/asceticism-in-the-modern-world-the-religion-of-self-deprivation By Betsy C. Chadbourn - Among the questions that have attracted my attention during my theological career thus far, nothing has struck me more forcibly than the possibility of asceticism existing in the modern world. Modern asceticism initially appears an absurdity. A non-existent. Something of the past, along with the once thriving Christian religion that laid its foundations. Before, we associated the ascetic with monkish values, the valorisation of chastity, a life of deprivation. Repulsion toward the flesh. Hostility for food. Enmity on all we call pleasure. Yes, modernity is surely an exodus from such; a secular... Fri, 14 Mar 2014 04:53 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/867/asceticism-in-the-modern-world-the-religion-of-self-deprivation http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/790/pumping-steel-and-sex-appeal-message-strategies-and-content-in-dietary-supplement-advertisements By Joseph T. Ziemba - Existing in a regulatory gray area as neither a food nor a drug, dietary supplements have fierce controversies over safety and regulation. This regulatory state can create a problem if the persuasion of supplement ads convince consumers to purchase harmful products. Using Taylor's Six-Segment Message Strategy Wheel, this study analyzed the relationship between informational print ads for dietary supplements and transformational message strategies. Transformational strategies, appeals to viewer's emotions or sense of self, were used more frequently in ads than their Informational counterparts,... Sat, 16 Nov 2013 08:40 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/790/pumping-steel-and-sex-appeal-message-strategies-and-content-in-dietary-supplement-advertisements http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/766/technology-and-justice-the-philosophy-of-authenticity-and-democratic-theory By Matthew McManus - My aim in this work is to sketch, in broad strokes, an idea for a method of both assessing these dynamics and, ultimately, moving beyond them to provide a philosophic foundation for those moral notions I will suggest are attractive. By necessity, this has meant starting primarily with an analysis and critique of modernity and its normative content. While this is hardly a novel idea, I have attempted to contribute originally to the discourse of modernity, as Habermas characterizes it, by suggesting how a reconceptualization of temporality, and a reexamination of time's connection to language, would... Wed, 02 Oct 2013 11:05 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/766/technology-and-justice-the-philosophy-of-authenticity-and-democratic-theory http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/742/the-typology-of-sacrifice-in-george-herberts-the-temple By Kelley S. Kent - George Herbert's (1593-1633) three-part work The Temple (1633) denotes the nature of his relationship with God. He conveys this unique relationship through the symbol of the Eucharist, which is both the celebration and memorialization of Christ's Passion: His redeeming sacrifice of Himself. Nearly every poem in The Temple alludes to or mentions the Eucharist, the book's unifying focus. From the beginning of Herbert's work, the Eucharist and "sacrifice" are intricately entwined. However, the first twelve poems that open "The Church,"[1] the second and middle part of The Temple, explicitly focus... Wed, 10 Jul 2013 05:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/742/the-typology-of-sacrifice-in-george-herberts-the-temple http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1603/trouble-in-paradise-fijis-proclivity-to-coups By Tanya Vitusagavulu - Widely known as a tropical tourist destination, the Fiji Islands have been gripped by political turmoil and have had four coups in a span of 20 years. Various factors such as tradition versus modernity, military-civilian relations, failure of constitutionality, nationalism and power struggle are identified in this paper as factors of Fiji's political instability. This paper examines how socio-economic and cultural differences between the country's two major races, Fijians and Indians, have been the underlying cause of Fiji's proclivity to coups from 1987-2006. Along with other factors, the socioeconomic... Fri, 31 May 2013 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1603/trouble-in-paradise-fijis-proclivity-to-coups http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/695/pressing-disengagement-chiles-transition-to-democracy-after-augusto-pinochets-1973-military-coup By Alexander E. Hopkins - Although he left office in March 1990, dictator Augusto Pinochet effectively held absolute power in Chile from 1973-1988. His September 1973 military coup proved that a charismatic individual could set the goals of the state by using hard power to affect national politics. While Chilean citizens did not want to support Pinochet, the military regime proved that open dissent was a fatal option. In 1987, due to international humanitarian pressure, Pinochet legalized outside non-Marxist political parties to add legitimacy to his regime. While Pinochet controlled the media, propagandizing capitalist... Sat, 15 Sep 2012 12:21 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/695/pressing-disengagement-chiles-transition-to-democracy-after-augusto-pinochets-1973-military-coup http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1079/what-are-the-benefits-and-challenges-of-the-economic-and-monetary-union By Anastasios Vourexakis - The Economic Monetary Union (EMU) is the end point of an ambitious and historic stage of integrated market changes1 that not only challenge the structure and foundation of modern-day liberal capitalism, but also offer – where successful – a wealth of opportunity in the goods, labour and service industries of the European Union. A fiscal extension to the principles of the Schengen Agreement2 of 1985 offered a financial breakthrough where multiple crises during the midand late-1980s offered physical deficit in the sense that unemployment was on the rise and inflation was at a post-war... Thu, 01 Sep 2011 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1079/what-are-the-benefits-and-challenges-of-the-economic-and-monetary-union http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/310/the-matthaean-exception-clause-a-21st-century-interpretation By Jonathan D. Brackens - Sexism is not unique to Christianity; however, in the Christian religion many of those who identify themselves as Christian fundamentalists are more likely to hold sexist views of women. Because the scriptures were written during a time in which women had few rights, laws regarding conduct favored males. The new 21st Century interpretation of the Matthaean exception clause now encompasses the various domestic issues which compromise the bonds of matrimony. This interpretation looses women from the chains of sexist fundamentalist interpretations and binds everyone to a new standard in which integrity... Wed, 27 Oct 2010 10:18 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/310/the-matthaean-exception-clause-a-21st-century-interpretation