http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/keyword/crime Inquiries Journal provides undergraduate and graduate students around the world a platform for the wide dissemination of academic work over a range of core disciplines. en-us Tue, 28 Apr 2026 19:09:18 -0400 Tue, 28 Apr 2026 19:09:18 -0400 http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1809/the-cycle-of-punishment-in-producing-society By Maureen A.S. Arsenal - These “at-risk populations” tend to be marginalized and/or minority groups. The implication of this “at-risk” judgement, is that the legal system marries moral panic with racialized criminality. Stereotypes and the overrepresentation of Blacks, Hispanics and Indigenous people in our correctional facilities fuel our perception of race(s) that are ‘likely’ to be criminal. The cycling of offenders in and out of the judicial system is how the legal system controls them, for example: the use of criminal history as a tool to justify further monitoring, restrictions... Sat, 03 Oct 2020 07:52 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1809/the-cycle-of-punishment-in-producing-society http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1726/a-line-in-the-sand-drug-control-along-the-us-mexico-border By Benjamin J. Mackey - This paper analyzes the ongoing drug war being waged between Mexican drug trafficking organizations (DTOs), their rivals, and the U.S./Mexican governments. This analysis is conducted through the lens of drug control; namely, through an examination of the distinct strategies of interdiction and international operations. While both of these strategies carry inherent risks and benefits, the analysis conducted herein indicates that the realm of international operations holds greater potential to directly affect the dynamic environment in which these DTOs thrive. As such, specific international operations... Wed, 31 Jan 2018 08:28 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1726/a-line-in-the-sand-drug-control-along-the-us-mexico-border http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1552/world-war-ii-in-the-united-states-colony-of-the-philippines-beyond-the-bataan-death-march-and-douglas-macarthur By Martha M. Helak - World War II ranks among the deadliest military conflicts in history. From 1939-1945, the estimated number of casualties worldwide exceeded 60 million.[1] The United States suffered military fatalities in excess of four hundred thousand, and the Philippines, an archipelago in Southeast Asia and an American colony from 1898 to1946, endured horrifying atrocities such as the Bataan Death March.[2] One hundred thousand Filipino civilians (the majority being women, children, and the elderly), were ultimately slaughtered by Japanese Marines during the sack of Manila.[3] By March of 1945, this cosmopolitan... Tue, 07 Mar 2017 05:03 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1552/world-war-ii-in-the-united-states-colony-of-the-philippines-beyond-the-bataan-death-march-and-douglas-macarthur http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1563/latin-americas-female-prisoner-problem-how-the-war-on-drugs-feminization-of-poverty-and-female-liberation-contribute-to-mass-incarceration-of-women By Gretchen Cloutier - According to the International Centre for Prison Studies, the number of women in prisons in Latin America has almost doubled since the 1990s. Most women in prison are incarcerated for drug related crimes, and although women are still a minority within the prison population, the number of women behind bars is growing disproportionately in comparison to men. Simultaneously, Latin American states are implementing harsh drug criminalization policies in accordance with the global War on Drugs. Scholars have theorized that women commit crimes due to both societal liberation and out of economic necessity... Sat, 31 Dec 2016 12:00 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1563/latin-americas-female-prisoner-problem-how-the-war-on-drugs-feminization-of-poverty-and-female-liberation-contribute-to-mass-incarceration-of-women http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1421/life-course-criminology-comparing-the-dual-taxonomy-and-age-graded-theories-of-criminal-behavior By Joana Ferreira - One of the most well established assertions in criminology is that of the relationship between crime and age (e.g. Sampson & Laub, 1992, 1998; McAra & McVie, 2012), in which developmentally orientated researchers attempt to explain how crime unfolds across the life course. From this impetus, the criminal career paradigm was developed, later setting the inspiration for developmental and life-course criminology (DLC). The aim of this framework is to explain offending by individuals through the analysis of the impact of different events at different stages of life as antisocial behaviour... Fri, 10 Jun 2016 11:49 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1421/life-course-criminology-comparing-the-dual-taxonomy-and-age-graded-theories-of-criminal-behavior http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1575/neighborhood-violence-and-crime-do-public-institutions-reduce-crime-in-neighborhoods By Monica Floyd - This paper explores the role of public institutions in reducing or fostering neighborhood violence and crime. Understanding institutional density as a neighborhood effect, this paper examines how ten public institutions and structures influence crime rates in Chicago. Using multivariate regression analysis and geo-coded spatial models, the relationship between the institutions and four different crime statistics (homicide, assault, robbery, and burglary) are analyzed. The findings show that the public institutions have very little impact on crime. Publicly owned vacant lots, however, exhibit a... Tue, 31 May 2016 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1575/neighborhood-violence-and-crime-do-public-institutions-reduce-crime-in-neighborhoods http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1404/the-effect-of-a-311-vacant-building-call-on-crime-rates By Bharat Chandar - Abandoned and vacant properties have long been a source of economic and political debate in the United States. Historically, property abandonment has been considered a symptom of urban disinvestment and not a cause. However in recent years, many studies have investigated whether there is a casual link between vacant buildings and the crime rate in the surrounding areas. Since these spaces offer an area of low supervision, they can act as a haven to individuals with criminal intent. Consequently, these buildings if left unsecured often evidence acts of prostitution, drug use, and gang-related activities... Tue, 03 May 2016 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1404/the-effect-of-a-311-vacant-building-call-on-crime-rates http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1350/revisiting-crime-rates-as-a-measure-of-crime-prevention-effectiveness-does-the-crime-drop-reveal-a-policy-effectiveness-outcomes-gap By Ronald F. Pol - A companion article (Has New Zealand Identified the Causes of Crime?) explored the development of five factors described as "the underlying causes of offending and victimisation" in the context of meeting crime rate reduction targets and transforming the business of policing from a responsive to a preventive model. Using crime rate targets from New Zealand’s Addressing the Drivers of Crime program as a starting point, this article constructively critiques crime rates as a policy effectiveness measure. It contends that crime rates retain legitimacy as an ‘output’ measure because... Thu, 04 Feb 2016 05:41 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1350/revisiting-crime-rates-as-a-measure-of-crime-prevention-effectiveness-does-the-crime-drop-reveal-a-policy-effectiveness-outcomes-gap http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1349/has-new-zealand-identified-the-causes-of-crime By Ronald F. Pol - This article explores the genesis and development of The 5 Drivers of Crime (described as "the underlying causes of offending and victimisation") and examines its impact in the context of policy effectiveness and outcomes. The ‘drivers of crime’ was introduced into New Zealand policing to help meet crime rate reduction targets and transform the business of policing from traditional responsive policing to a preventive model. Recent crime prevention policies elsewhere have identified similar factors, such as England’s “six key drivers of crime,” and South Africa&rsquo... Thu, 04 Feb 2016 05:40 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1349/has-new-zealand-identified-the-causes-of-crime http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1268/using-anti-money-laundering-measures-in-the-financial-world-to-combat-organized-crime By Natalia Stankiewicz - This research paper thoroughly explains the concept of money laundering and examines the costs that are endured by the governments, financial institutions, but most importantly individuals who are most vulnerable to the influence of organized criminal groups engaging in money laundering. It also provides an analysis of the measures undertaken to prevent and detect money-laundering that are a highly effective means of identifying criminals and terrorists and the underlying activity from which money is derived. It discusses the application of intelligence and investigative techniques that constitute... Wed, 28 Oct 2015 09:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1268/using-anti-money-laundering-measures-in-the-financial-world-to-combat-organized-crime http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1587/a-statistical-analysis-of-privacy-norms-and-state-compliance-with-anti-money-laundering-regulations By Allison Blauvelt - Organized crime and terrorist organizations cannot be battled by force alone; anti-money laundering (AML) techniques have become key tools to trace these individuals through their finances. Every country has an interest in implementing internationally-standardized AML and counter the finance of terrorist (AML/CFT) regulations, yet there are still widely ranging levels of compliance between states. Previously, scholars have tried to explain this variability through political, managerial, bottom-up, and top-down approaches. However, they have all failed to fully recognize the importance of culture... Sun, 31 May 2015 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1587/a-statistical-analysis-of-privacy-norms-and-state-compliance-with-anti-money-laundering-regulations http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1028/the-use-and-effectiveness-of-problem-oriented-policing By Dan Brandon - The question of how to lower crime rates has baffled criminologists and law enforcement officials for decades. Over the years, many different models were developed to attempt to lower crime rates. In 1979, Herman Goldstein published an article outlining a revolutionary crime fighting model. This new method was called problem-oriented policing (POP) (Cordner & Biebel, 2005, p. 155). Goldstein described problem-oriented policing as a new approach to policing focused on end results, such as lower rates of a particular crime (Eisenberg & Glasscock, 2001, p. 1). Initially, problem-oriented... Fri, 17 Apr 2015 09:52 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1028/the-use-and-effectiveness-of-problem-oriented-policing http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1187/realism-versus-idealism-at-nuremburg-the-creation-of-the-court By Emma Campbell-Mohn - The creation of the Nuremberg Court following World War II exemplified international cooperation, particularly between the Great Powers: the United States, France, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain. Expounding the benefits of justice and the rule of law, the Nuremberg Trials are often viewed as the pinnacle of Wilsonian idealism. However, further examination reveals the actions of the Roosevelt administration were not derived from a united Cabinet seeking to realize broad principles of humanitarian justice and equality. Instead of being a unified decision based on these values, the reasoning... Tue, 15 Apr 2014 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1187/realism-versus-idealism-at-nuremburg-the-creation-of-the-court http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1393/the-effect-of-crime-on-achievement-the-differential-effect-of-violent-and-non-violent-crimes-on-achievement-in-high-schools By Colin Rohm - According to the Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2010 report published by the National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES), there were approximately 1.2 million victims of non-fatal crimes within school bounds in 2008. Of these, there were 629,800 counts of simple assault, rape, robbery and other "violent" and "non-violent" crimes. These incidents have observable and noteworthy consequences; victims of crimes are known to avoid after school activities and certain locations at school, or skip class entirely all behaviors which impede a student's academic achievement (U.S. Department... Tue, 15 Apr 2014 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1393/the-effect-of-crime-on-achievement-the-differential-effect-of-violent-and-non-violent-crimes-on-achievement-in-high-schools http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/869/hegemonic-masculinity-in-boys-dont-cry-1999 By Renee S. Grozelle - The need for individuals to categorize themselves and others based on gender has guided the way individuals interact with one another throughout history. The construction of gender, particularly when it comes to young males, has led to the amplification of negative characteristics associated with hegemonic masculinity. These negative characteristics have often been associated with an increase in the violence and aggression used in homophobic hate crimes committed by men. In order to highlight the negative impacts that hegemonic masculinity has on constructions of gender and sexuality, the film... Tue, 18 Mar 2014 11:14 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/869/hegemonic-masculinity-in-boys-dont-cry-1999 http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/794/the-portrayal-of-the-american-legal-system-in-prime-time-television-crime-dramas By Samantha Parker - This is a case study looking at how the legal system is portrayed on prime time network television crime dramas in respect to suspect treatment, the case building process and trial length. Through content analysis, it compared the exaggerations presented in those dramas to real-life accuracies. The Good Wife, Law & Order: SVU, Fairly Legal and Major Crimes were selected to study, and the fourth and seventh episodes of each television program’s season broadcast within a one-year period were watched. It was found that though suspect treatment is portrayed fairly accurately in prime time... Tue, 19 Nov 2013 08:02 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/794/the-portrayal-of-the-american-legal-system-in-prime-time-television-crime-dramas http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1658/the-role-of-antisocial-personality-disorder-and-antisocial-behavior-in-crime By Ishita Aggarwal - Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), also known as dyssocial personality disorder, is a mental illness that is characterized by a reckless disregard for social norms, impulsive behaviour, an inability to experience guilt, and a low tolerance for frustration. Individuals with ASPD exhibit an inflated sense of self-worth and possess a superficial charm, traits that often aid their attempts to exploit and violate the rights of others. Although the causes of ASPD are highly disputed, research has found that antisocial behaviour is linked to abnormalities in the chemistry and anatomy of the human... Tue, 17 Sep 2013 11:21 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1658/the-role-of-antisocial-personality-disorder-and-antisocial-behavior-in-crime http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/751/in-treatment-the-casting-and-bracketing-of-repulsion-in-the-sopranos By Simonetta Menossi - The Sopranos (1999-2007) opens with its lead character, Tony Soprano (James Gandolfini), unenthusiastically meeting his therapist, Dr. Jennifer Melfi (Lorrain Bracco) for the first time. He is reluctant to trust a female analyst; nevertheless, he begins a confessional narrative that reveals the extent to which the Mafia boss is willing to tell selected portions of his own personal history, but fails to understand fully their meaning and how they refer back to whom he is. Despite his resistance, the scene conveys the extent to which the Mafia boss does not fully realize and understand his own personal... Thu, 29 Aug 2013 09:28 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/751/in-treatment-the-casting-and-bracketing-of-repulsion-in-the-sopranos http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1604/busted-by-the-feds-government-corruption-and-drug-trafficking By Erica Thomas - The international drug trade and the power of drug cartels have perplexed both analysts and policy makers for years. As drug production and trade grow, cartels have climbed to unthinkable heights of power and, in some cases, have crippled governments. This study explores this problem and attempts to answer the predominant question raised: why do states struggle to eradicate such powerful drug cartels and drug trafficking organizations? While multiple schools of thought emerge that answer this question, research finds that existing literature shows little quantitative and holistic analysis of government... Fri, 31 May 2013 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1604/busted-by-the-feds-government-corruption-and-drug-trafficking http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/696/assessing-the-impact-of-three-strikes-laws-on-crime-rates-and-prison-populations-in-california-and-washington By Joshua A. Jones - The efficacy of three strikes laws has been a topic of contention among researchers since the first such piece of legislation was implemented in the United States nearly two decades ago. With the benefit of hindsight, it is possible to trend their impact through longitudinal analysis. This paper assesses the impact of three strikes legislation in California and Washington; two states which have implemented uniquely divergent forms of mandatory sentencing. It addresses the effect of three strikes law on crime trends and prison populations therein. Results indicated that mandatory sentencing was... Sun, 16 Sep 2012 08:05 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/696/assessing-the-impact-of-three-strikes-laws-on-crime-rates-and-prison-populations-in-california-and-washington http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1063/the-protocols-of-the-elders-of-mecca By Erik Eriksen - This could be referring to Nazi propaganda from the 1930s. However, it is, in fact, an ideology that is gaining influence in contemporary Europe. This time, allegedly, it is not Jews that have a plan to take control over Europe; it is Muslims. The nation is not perceived as being stabbed in the back by Marxists and “cultural Bolsheviks”, but, allegedly, by multiculturalists and “cultural Marxists”. This is the “Eurabia” conspiracy theory, supported by influential European politicians, some of which are holding the balance of power in parliament, such as the... Sun, 01 Jan 2012 12:00 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1063/the-protocols-of-the-elders-of-mecca http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/593/debating-genetics-as-a-predictor-of-criminal-offending-and-sentencing By Jeremy W. Wilson - Recent studies in behavioral genetics indicate that some violent criminals are genetically predisposed to violent behavior. One study has found that a mutation in the structural gene for monoamine oxidase A gives rise to an acute build-up of neurotransmitters associated with the body’s ‘fight or flight’ responses to stressful situations (Evansburg 2001). Many criminologists do not totally disregard genetic characteristics as a means of determining who will commit crimes but they do believe that “a genetic disorder may predispose an individual to aggressive behavior [but... Mon, 14 Nov 2011 10:05 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/593/debating-genetics-as-a-predictor-of-criminal-offending-and-sentencing http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/580/the-legacy-of-international-cooperation-at-the-nuremberg-trials By Melissa S. McHugh - The trial itself commenced on November 21, 1945 and continued until October 1, 1946. Twelve smaller trials were held subsequently between 1946 and 1949, but they were not prosecuted jointly by the Allied powers but rather only by the American prosecution under the direction of Telford Taylor, who had worked on Robert Jackson’s staff during the first trial. Allied powers had been negotiating the fate of the Nazi leaders since the first meeting of American President Franklin Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet Union leader Joseph Stalin in Tehran, Iran. As the war... Tue, 04 Oct 2011 10:06 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/580/the-legacy-of-international-cooperation-at-the-nuremberg-trials http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/543/dostoevskys-hegelian-parody-in-crime-and-punishment By Ian L. O'Kidhain - This project examines the role of the Left Hegelian school of philosophy in Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky. Special attention is given to Georg Hegel's section on “World Historical Individuals” from Philosophy of History and Rodion Raskolnikov's philosophy from Crime and Punishment. The text argues that Raskolnikov is largely an agent of Left Hegelianism created by Dostoevsky to illustrate a philosophy that the author opposed. That philosophy, Left Hegelianism, held that ultimately all reality is subjectable to rational categorization, an idea that grew into a movement that... Wed, 15 Jun 2011 10:02 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/543/dostoevskys-hegelian-parody-in-crime-and-punishment http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/401/identity-in-conflict-race-and-violent-crime-in-south-africa-in-the-context-of-contemporary-insurgencies By Ethan D. Steyn - The issue of violence and ethnicity in criminal and war environments has many facets, and this article attempts to contextualize forms of violent crime in South Africa that involve identities within the theoretical discourse on contemporary warfare, with a specific focus on the functioning of white and black identities. Comparing crime with war is a familiar analogy in South Africa: from Koos Kombuis in the song “Reconciliation Day” (Bloedrivier, 2008) to J.M. Coetzee’s novel, Disgrace (1999), to Etienne van Heerden’s 30 Nagte in Amsterdam (2008), many artists have likened... Fri, 04 Mar 2011 08:42 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/401/identity-in-conflict-race-and-violent-crime-in-south-africa-in-the-context-of-contemporary-insurgencies http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1690/crime-and-personality-personality-theory-and-criminality-examined By Joan A. Reid - Critical concerns that have been raised about personality theory by criminologists will be reviewed; first, concerns related to key propositions and policy implications will are considered and evaluated; secondly, criticism regarding methodological weaknesses in personality theory research will be reviewed. Recent advances in personality theory research will be detailed in response to those specific methodological concerns, including current research findings regarding the link between personality and antisocial behavior. Finally, personality theory’s future application to the pursuit of... Mon, 31 Jan 2011 09:02 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1690/crime-and-personality-personality-theory-and-criminality-examined http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/254/president-bush-the-iraq-invasion-and-enhanced-interrogation By Chelsey E. Hay - Martin Luther King, Jr. once wrote that “to ignore evil is to become an accomplice to it.”[1]  Although this statement was meant towards the civil rights movement, the idea equally applies in other instances, especially in times of war.  In March of 2003, the United States invaded Iraq in a preemptive attack against the tyrannical rule of Saddam Hussein.  Despite the fact that President Bush and his administration had advertised the war as necessary in order to protect against the weapons of mass destruction (WMD) that Hussein would use in the imminent future, it became... Wed, 16 Jun 2010 07:42 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/254/president-bush-the-iraq-invasion-and-enhanced-interrogation http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1265/human-trafficking-the-japanese-commercial-sex-industry-and-the-yakuza-recommendations-for-the-japanese-government By Amanda Jones - Both the UN and the U.S. Department of State conduct global reviews of state actions to prevent human trafficking. Both reports indicate that human trafficking, especially that related to sexual exploitation, continues to be an issue in Japan. Their reports indicate that Japan implemented some of the policies required by UNTIP and that it has the resources with which to carry out these policies, but the reports suggest that Japanese officials lack the will to carry out these policy initiatives to combat human trafficking. This lack of will by government officials appears to be related to three... Thu, 15 Apr 2010 12:00 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1265/human-trafficking-the-japanese-commercial-sex-industry-and-the-yakuza-recommendations-for-the-japanese-government http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/165/preventing-juvenile-delinquency-early-intervention-and-comprehensiveness-as-critical-factors By Alina Saminsky - Every single person living in the United States today is affected by juvenile crime. It affects parents, neighbors, teachers, and families. It affects the victims of crime, the perpetrators, and the bystanders. While delinquency rates have been decreasing, rates are still too high. There have been numerous programs that have attempted to lower this rate. Some are greatly successful, while many others have minimal or no impact. These programs are a waste of our resources. It is essential to determine the efficacy of different programs, and to see what works and what does not. In this way, the... Thu, 11 Feb 2010 11:57 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/165/preventing-juvenile-delinquency-early-intervention-and-comprehensiveness-as-critical-factors