http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/authors/876/anam-qudrat Inquiries Journal provides undergraduate and graduate students around the world a platform for the wide dissemination of academic work over a range of core disciplines. en-us Wed, 27 May 2026 00:39:04 -0400 Wed, 27 May 2026 00:39:04 -0400 http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/694/the-islamic-middle-ages-a-fractured-polity-and-the-flourishing-of-a-cultural-and-scientific-renaissance By Anam Qudrat - Ibn Khaldun highlighted that societies in their natural state exist in the rural countryside, where the struggle of daily life binds kinsmen together (Abdullah, 2012a). Defining this strong familial bond as “asabiyya,” he stated that eventually this bond of zealous loyalty to one’s brethren becomes the driving force behind conquest (Abdullah, 2012a). However, after conquest, as time passes and individuals delve in their material gains and elitist dispositions, the once impeachable bond of asabiyya begins to disintegrate. At this stage, fragmentation of the state is inevitable... Wed, 12 Sep 2012 10:23 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/694/the-islamic-middle-ages-a-fractured-polity-and-the-flourishing-of-a-cultural-and-scientific-renaissance http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/665/green-alliances-collaboration-between-businesses-and-environmental-advocacy-organizations By Anam Qudrat - The use of the familiar “command and control” approach to coerce businesses with government interference in order to raise awareness of the damage caused to the external environment proves to be ineffective, resulting often in violence and no long-term plan to introduce environmental consciousness (Livesey, 1999). Instead with the promotion of mutual collaboration, the concept of market based environmentalism emerges where ecological alternatives are made attractive to businesses so they can adopt them independently (Azzone & Bertele, 1994). Under this methodology, businesses are... Fri, 20 Jul 2012 08:05 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/665/green-alliances-collaboration-between-businesses-and-environmental-advocacy-organizations