http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/authors/440/lisa-a-bergstrom Inquiries Journal provides undergraduate and graduate students around the world a platform for the wide dissemination of academic work over a range of core disciplines. en-us Tue, 19 May 2026 06:32:30 -0400 Tue, 19 May 2026 06:32:30 -0400 http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/539/nigromancy-in-the-later-middle-ages By Lisa A. Bergstrom - The struggle of the early modern church against witchcraft is rightly famous. However, before they were hunting woman flying on broomsticks to nocturnal orgies, church authorities were most concerned about a very different sort of magic: nigromancy. Nigromancy, meaning black magic or black divination, was a highly intricate form of ritual magic, whose educated adherents summoned demons with magic circles drawn in blood and long Latin recitations replete with words such as conjuro, adjuro, and exorcizo (I conjure, I adjure, and I exorcise).[i] Church authorities condemned nigromancy as dangerous... Thu, 09 Jun 2011 10:40 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/539/nigromancy-in-the-later-middle-ages