http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/authors/389/melissa-s-mchugh Inquiries Journal provides undergraduate and graduate students around the world a platform for the wide dissemination of academic work over a range of core disciplines. en-us Sun, 24 May 2026 21:23:59 -0400 Sun, 24 May 2026 21:23:59 -0400 http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1312/what-was-the-influence-of-cosmopolitan-law-on-the-permanent-court-of-international-justice By Melissa S. McHugh - At the heart of many contemporary international organizations, such as the United Nations, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the International Criminal Court (ICC), the theory underpinning cosmopolitan law represents the ideal they strive to achieve in a world plagued with war, conflict, and genocide. Before the UN, the ICJ and the ICC, the League of Nations established the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ)—not as a utopian realization of Immanuel Kant’s perpetual peace, but as a tool for European nations to seek rational resolutions to disputes arising from... Fri, 20 Nov 2015 10:43 EST http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1312/what-was-the-influence-of-cosmopolitan-law-on-the-permanent-court-of-international-justice http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/623/before-the-fall-calls-for-reform-prior-to-the-french-revolution By Melissa S. McHugh - Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot wrote, “Because it takes a long time before we are convinced of their inutility, foundations have sometimes become positively harmful before they have even been suspected of being useless.”[1] One could apply this reasoning to the French monarchy in the late 18th century, particularly in the reigns of Louis XV and his grandson, Louis XVI, neither of whom possessed the sheer intimidating will of Louis XIV. They still retained the traditional powers of the French monarch, but not the literal authority required to rule. They nettled with their Parlements and... Fri, 16 Mar 2012 10:16 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/623/before-the-fall-calls-for-reform-prior-to-the-french-revolution http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/580/the-legacy-of-international-cooperation-at-the-nuremberg-trials By Melissa S. McHugh - The trial itself commenced on November 21, 1945 and continued until October 1, 1946. Twelve smaller trials were held subsequently between 1946 and 1949, but they were not prosecuted jointly by the Allied powers but rather only by the American prosecution under the direction of Telford Taylor, who had worked on Robert Jackson’s staff during the first trial. Allied powers had been negotiating the fate of the Nazi leaders since the first meeting of American President Franklin Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet Union leader Joseph Stalin in Tehran, Iran. As the war... Tue, 04 Oct 2011 10:06 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/580/the-legacy-of-international-cooperation-at-the-nuremberg-trials http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/412/the-negotiations-at-brest-litovsk-new-york-times-coverage-from-january-1st-to-12th-1918 By Melissa S. McHugh - The New York Times coverage of negotiations at Brest-Litovsk between January 1 and January 12, 1918, reflected the newspaper's preoccupation with Germany during wartime and her ulterior motives. It also evinced skepticism about the Bolsheviks' sincerity in their claims about not wanting a separate peace. The Times published articles that spoke to the German desire for annexations on the Eastern Front, particularly in Poland, as well as articles that insinuated Germany's attempt to negotiate with the Bolsheviks was designed to split the Entente. In addition, these articles expressed doubt about... Fri, 18 Mar 2011 10:34 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/412/the-negotiations-at-brest-litovsk-new-york-times-coverage-from-january-1st-to-12th-1918