http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/authors/266/katharine-a-mackel Inquiries Journal provides undergraduate and graduate students around the world a platform for the wide dissemination of academic work over a range of core disciplines. en-us Sat, 13 Jun 2026 04:05:16 -0400 Sat, 13 Jun 2026 04:05:16 -0400 http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/317/fascism-a-political-ideology-of-the-past By Katharine A. Mackel - Fascism cannot adapt to, and exist under, certain prominent, contemporary conditions. Specifically, it cannot adapt to the strong democracies in which extreme right parties operate, nor to the ideology of radical Islamic groups. This paper begins by defining fascism. It then notes a few conditions that enable fascism to exist, and applies these conditions to post-World War I Italy and Germany to demonstrate how fascism rose in those countries. The paper then discusses extreme right parties in Europe and whether they are fascist. In doing so, it compares the parties’ ideologies to fascist... Fri, 05 Nov 2010 10:25 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/317/fascism-a-political-ideology-of-the-past http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/303/direct-democracy-and-the-effects-of-voter-ignorance-on-tax-policy-ballot-propositions By Katharine A. Mackel - Many scholars believe that the mass public is ignorant regarding political matters (Somin 1998; Converse 1964; Campbell, Converse, Miller, Stokes 1980; Caplan 2007). Somin (1998) divides this ignorance into three types. One is a lack of information regarding policy issues, governmental structure, and how the government operates. For instance, majorities in the mass public do not know who their state’s senators are or what branch of government has the power to declare war (Somin 1998, 417). The second type of ignorance is a lack of “an ‘ideological’ view of politics capable... Tue, 19 Oct 2010 08:05 EDT http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/303/direct-democracy-and-the-effects-of-voter-ignorance-on-tax-policy-ballot-propositions